Evaluation of the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-virulence effects of acetic acid and the related mechanisms on colistin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ) has been majorly implicated in the infection of burns, wounds, skin, and respiratory tract. Colistin is considered the last line of defense against P. aeruginosa infections. However, colistin is becoming increasingly invalid in treating patients infected with colistin-resistant (COL-R) P. aeruginosa . As one of the disinfectants used for wound infections, acetic acid (AA) offers good antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against P. aeruginosa . This study investigated the effects of AA on COL-R P. aeruginosa in terms of its antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-virulence properties and the corresponding underlying mechanisms. Results The antimicrobial susceptibility and growth curve data revealed that 0.078% (v/v) AA exhibited good antibacterial activity against COL-R P. aeruginosa . Subinhibitory concentrations of AA were ineffective in inhibiting biofilm formation, but 4 × and 8 × of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was effective in removing the preformed biofilms in biofilm-eradication assays. The virulence results illustrated that AA inhibited COL-R P. aeruginosa swimming, swarming, twitching, and pyocyanin and elastase production. The analysis of the potential antibacterial mechanisms of AA on COL-R P. aeruginosa revealed that AA acted by increasing the outer and inner membrane permeability, polarizing the membrane potential, and decreasing the reduction potential in a concentration-dependent manner. The qRT-PCR results revealed that AA may inhibit the virulence of COL-R P. aeruginosa by inhibiting the expression of T3SS-related and QS-related genes. Conclusions AA possesses antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-virulence properties that ultimately lead to the alteration of the bacterial membrane permeability, membrane potential, and reduction potential. Our findings indicated that AA is presently one of the effective treatment options for infections. A high concentration of AA (> 0.156% v/v) can be used to sterilize biofilm-prone surgical instruments, for hospital disinfection, and for treating the external wound, whereas a low concentration of AA (0.00975–0.039% v/v) may be used as an anti-virulence agent for adjuvant treatment of COL-R P. aeruginosa , thereby further improving the application value of AA in the treatment of infections.