The effect of curcumin on A beta, Akt, and GSK3 beta on the brain and retina of APP/PS1 mice and in the blood of alzheimer's patients with early-stage disease

PHARMACOGNOSY MAGAZINE(2022)

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Abstract
Background: Curcumin possesses multifunctional pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties. We investigated whether curcumin can improve pathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), including amyloid beta (A beta), protein kinase B (PKB, also termed Akt), and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3 beta) levels and expression. Materials and Methods: Alzheimer's transgenic APPSWE/PS1 & UDelta;E9 mice and wild-type mice were treated with curcumin by intragastric administration for 2 weeks at 2 and 5 months of age, respectively. A beta plaques and contents in the brain and retina were measured by immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay, respectively, while the expression of Akt and GSK3 beta was tested by RNA isolation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Blood of patients with AD and age-matched healthy controls was used to determine the contents of A beta, Akt, and GSK3 beta. Results: Curcumin treatment decreased A beta accumulation in the early stages of AD at 5 months (P < 0.001). It also improved AD-associated pathological changes, including upregulation of Akt (P < 0.01) and downregulation of GSK3 beta (P < 0.01). In addition to AD-associated changes, the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 beta was significantly decreased with curcumin treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In the early stage of AD, curcumin can suppress A beta accumulation, upregulate the expression of Akt, downregulate the expression of GSK3 beta, and inhibit the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta. But in the late stage, curcumin has an insignificant inhibitory effect on GSK3 beta. In patients with AD, a low expression of Akt and a high expression of GSK3 beta were observed. Curcumin may have a similar effect on patients with AD by regulating these protein expressions and can be used to improve the pathological features of AD in the early stages of the disease.
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Key words
A beta,Akt,brain,curcumin,early stage of AD,GSK3 beta,retina
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