Different Interspecies Demographic Histories within the Same Locality: A Case Study of Sea Cucumbers, Cuttlefish and Clams in Greek Waters

Coalescent methods in population genetics aim to detect biodiversity patterns, evolutionary mechanisms, and signatures of historical changes in effective population sizes with respect to the species fidelity. Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) was used to evaluate the population dynamics of invertebrate species within the same localities. New sequencing technologies, such as the ones employed by population genetics, could be used to improve the management and sustainability of marine and aquaculture resources. Sea cucumbers (Holothuria tubolosa) showed genetic differentiation patterns favoring limited gene flow between studied areas. Similar results for clams (Venus verrucosa) suggest local adaptation and low-dispersal abilities for sessile organisms. On the contrary, cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) exhibited a panmictic pattern, resulting in a single genetic stock in the area. The larvae settlement duration may be responsible for such interspecies variations. Interspecies demographic modeling revealed different environmental pressures of historical events' signatures with respect to the three invertebrates. Sea cucumbers favor a post-glacial bottleneck event followed by a more recent recovery, whereas cuttlefish favor an expansion before the late glacial maximum. Lastly, clams showed a constant effective population size in the area. The results of historical demographic changes in natural populations provide opportunities for critical evaluation and management in terms of the conservation of the species in the area.