Jet cooking dramatically improves the wet strength of soy adhesives

The impact of jet cooking on shear strength of soy-and-water adhesives was investigated to understand the higher shear strength of commercial soy protein isolates compared to soy flours. Soy flour-based wood adhesives are appealing because of their bio-based content, low formaldehyde emission, and low cost, but their commercial application is limited by low wet cohesive strength. Previous researchers proposed that the process of jet cooking (steam injection with high turbulence followed by rapid cooling) was responsible for the high (similar to 3 MPa) wet shear strength of adhesives made with commercially produced soy protein isolate, using the ASTM D 7998 test. In this work, we show that jet cooking did dramatically increase the wet strength of laboratory-produced, native-state soy protein isolate from 0.6 to 3 MPa, a strength similar to many commercial isolates. Jet cooking was far less effective at developing wet strength of soy flours, but greatly increased the viscosity of virtually all our soy materials. We hypothesize that the benefits of jet cooking are primarily a result of nonequilibrium protein aggregation states because subsequent wet autoclaving of jet cooked soy proteins dramatically decreased wet strength. The dramatic differences in adhesive properties between commercial soy protein isolates and soy flours suggests that the common practice of using results obtained with commercial isolates to predict the performance of soy flour adhesives is inappropriate.