Chert oxygen isotope ratios are driven by Earth's thermal evolution.

The O/O ratio of cherts (δO) increases nearly monotonically by ~15‰ from the Archean to present. Two end-member explanations have emerged: cooling seawater temperature (T) and increasing seawater δO (δO). Yet despite decades of work, there is no consensus, leading some to view the δO record as pervasively altered. Here, we demonstrate that cherts are a robust archive of diagenetic temperatures, despite metamorphism and exposure to meteoric fluids, and show that the timing and temperature of quartz precipitation and thus δO are determined by the kinetics of silica diagenesis. A diagenetic model shows that δO is influenced by heat flow through the sediment column. Heat flow has decreased over time as planetary heat is dissipated, and reasonable Archean-modern heat flow changes account for ~5‰ of the increase in δO, obviating the need for extreme T or δO reconstructions. The seawater oxygen isotope budget is also influenced by solid Earth cooling, with a recent reconstruction placing Archean δO 5 to 10‰ lower than today. Together, this provides an internally consistent view of the δO record as driven by solid Earth cooling over billion-year timescales that is compatible with Precambrian glaciations and biological constraints and satisfyingly accounts for the monotonic nature of the δO trend.