Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Brain Maturation in Adolescents: Implications for Analyzing Longitudinal Data

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant stress and disruption for young people, likely leading to alterations in their mental health and neurodevelopment. In this context, it is not clear whether youths who lived through the pandemic and its shutdowns are comparable psychobiologically to their age- and sexmatched peers assessed before the pandemic. This question is particularly important for researchers who are analyzing longitudinal data that span the pandemic. METHODS: We compared carefully matched youths assessed before the pandemic (n = 81) and after the pandemicrelated shutdowns ended (n = 82). RESULTS: We found that youths assessed after the pandemic shutdowns had more severe internalizing mental health problems, reduced cortical thickness, larger hippocampal and amygdala volume, and more advanced brain age. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic not only appears to have led to poorer mental health and accelerated brain aging in adolescents, but it also poses significant challenges to researchers analyzing data from longitudinal studies of normative development that were interrupted by the pandemic.