Seasonal variations in surface processes and hydroclimate on an alpine lake, NE Tibetan Plateau

Koucha Lake, located in Qinghai Province, north-eastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) at an elevation of 4530 m a.s.l. Occupies an ideal position to investigate the seasonal hydroclimatic variations and related surface processes during the Holocene. We re-investigated the lake and analysed a new sediment core from the deepest part of the lake. Grain size measurements and related endmember modelling analyses (EMMA) in combination with ostracod associations together with geochemical parameters and mineral compositions from core sediments were used as relevant proxies for hydro-climatic reconstruction.A comparison of δ18O/δD from various waters on the NETP indicates a clear depleted isotopic signature of non-monsoon moisture supply in comparison to summer rainfalls, highlighting the summer evaporation for δ18O enrichment, as a reference for interpreting δ18O values from lake sediments for various situations of hydrological balance. Based on the individual core chronology the multi-proxy data indicate a very low sedimentation rate over the entire period in accordance with the catchment topography and the absence of well-developed and constant river systems, limiting the flux of sediment supply to the lake. Thus, Koucha Lake remains almost a closed system since the Lateglacial, except for the early mid-Holocene part of the sequence. The coarser particle components and their representative endmembers for spring flood and permafrost thaw between 11.9 and 10.1 cal Ka BP and from 4.5 to ca. 1.0 cal Ka BP point to lower lake levels, influenced by long winter duration with dry summer interruptions, and lighter oxygen isotopes were preserved at low evaporations. Fine-grained sediments supplied by permafrost thaw associated with activating summer surface erosion led to lake level rise between 10.1 and 4.5 cal Ka BP and during the last 1000 years, with a maximum during 7.6–7.1 cal Ka BP. Their enriched δ18O values indicate extended summer duration and concomitant evaporation enhancement, albeit a positive hydrological balance. We suggest that the interannual latitudinal shifts of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and westerly Jet and attendant varying monsoon rain belt locations are responsible tracers for the variation of the hydrological budget of the lake and the variable spatio-temporal precipitation patterns in humid and (semi) arid regions in China.