Oriented immobilization of biomolecules on small surfaces

Both clustering and oriented immobilization of biomolecules (e.g., enzymes, antibodies, lectins, receptors, DNA aptamers) on small surfaces are crucial for maximizing the recognition efficiency for target molecules [e.g., substrates, antigens (Ags), sugars, cytokines]. Recently, we have developed an ~ 30-nm bio-nanocapsule (BNC), consisting of transmembrane ZZ-L protein deploying a tandem form of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc-binding Z domain derived from Staphylococcus aureus protein A on its outer surface, which functions as an ideal scaffold for the clustering and oriented immobilization of IgGs and Fc-fused biomolecules. In this chapter, we present an overview of conventional immobilization techniques for biomolecules, describe the molecular basis of our BNC-based technology, and discuss the potential and versatility of this technology for biomolecule immobilization.