Lack of Association Between a Quantified Lung Ultrasound Score and Illness Severity in Pediatric Emergency Department Patients with Acute Lower Respiratory Infections

Objectives Lung ultrasound (LUS) may help determine illness severity in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) but limited pediatric studies exist. Our objective was to determine the association between LUS findings and illness severity in children with LRTI. Methods We conducted a prospective study of patients <20 years with LRTI. Trained investigators performed standardized LUS examinations of 12 regions. Blinded sonologists reviewed examinations for individual pathologic features and also calculated a Quantified Lung Ultrasound Score (QLUS). We defined focal severity as QLUS of >= 2 in >= 1 region, and diffuse severity as QLUS of >= 1 in >= 3 regions. The primary outcome was the Respiratory component of the Pediatric Early Warning Score (RPEWS), a 14-item scale measuring respiratory illness severity. Secondary outcomes included hospital admission, length of stay, supplemental oxygen, and antibiotic use. Results We enrolled 85 patients with LRTIs, 46 (54%) whom were hospitalized (5.4% intensive care). Median RPEWS was 1 (interquartile range 2). Neither individual features on ultrasound nor total QLUS were associated with RPEWS, hospitalization, length of stay, or oxygen use. Mean RPEWS was similar for participants regardless of focal (1.46 versus 1.26, P = .57) or diffuse (1.47 versus 1.21, P = .47) severity findings, but those with focal or diffuse severity, or isolated consolidation, had greater antibiotic administration (P < .001). Conclusions In children with LRTI, neither individual features nor QLUS were associated with illness severity. Antibiotics were more likely in patients with either focal or diffuse severity or presence of consolidation on ultrasound.