Activation of iridium site by anchoring ruthenium atoms on defects for efficient anodic catalyst in polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzers

Ruthenium atoms repair the defective sites on iridium oxide and lead to an efficient OER catalyst (bottom left) with only 266 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm−2, and this catalyst also exhibits better in the PEM water electrolyzer (bottom right).