Medical Treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Japan

Liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths in Japan. The main treatment options for HCC are surgical resection, liver transplantation, ra-diofrequency ablation (RFA), transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), and systemic chemotherapy. Here, recent medical treatments for HCC, including surgery, percutaneous ablation, transcatheter arte-rial chemoembolization/transcatheter arterial embolization, and drug therapy, are reviewed with a fo-cus on Japan. (J Nippon Med Sch 2022; 89: 154?160)