Electrochemical Immunosensors: The Evolution from Elisa to EPADs

Electrochemical immunosensors comprise the merging of two different disciplines: molecular biology and electrochemistry. This review explains in depth the main parts of electrochemical immunosensors and how the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been integrated into sophisticated "lab-on-a-chip" and "point-of-care" devices. It also reviews how nanotechnology has been a powerful tool for achieving lower detection limits, more signal amplification, and constructing label-free devices. It finally explores the new perspectives on electrochemical immunosensors to integrate them in novel paper microfluidic devices called E mu PADs. Colleagues introducing themselves to the topic for the first time will find in this review a comprehensive revision of how the basics of the technology have given rise to the emerging topic of E mu PADs.