Vasomotor symptoms of menopause, autonomic dysfunction, and cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death among United States adults, is more prevalent in menopausal females compared to age-matched males. Vasomotor symptoms of menopause (VMS; hot flashes/flushes and night sweats) are common among females undergoing menopausal transition and have been associated with elevated blood pressure (BP) and increased CVD risk. Autonomic dysregulation of BP has been posited as a contributing factor to the elevated CVD risk in menopausal females with VMS. This review includes: 1) a brief overview of the relationship between VMS and CVD; 2) mechanisms of hot flushes and their potential impact on short- and long-term BP regulation; and 3) how the disruption of autonomic function associated with VMS might provide a mechanistic pathway to CVD development. Lastly, this review will highlight knowledge gaps and future directions towards better understanding hot flush physiology and VMS contributions to CVD.