How Does the Concept of Guanxi-circle Contribute to Community Building in Alternative Food Networks? Six Case Studies from China.

As social innovations that help to transition towards a more sustainable food system, alternative food networks (AFNs) in China have attracted much scholarly attention in recent years. However, studies of the community building behavior of AFNs at the micro-level in the Chinese social context are scant. Through in-depth case studies conducted between 2017 and 2021 and social network analysis, our study examines how founders of AFNs successfully facilitate community building among their customers. We find that in China, the traditional social-cultural construct, , plays a critical role in AFNs' community formation and expansion. The study identifies a three-stage framework for understanding the community building process of AFNs. First, a group of of the same kind would form a . Second, the initial is enhanced and expanded to multiple secondary . Third, these multiple together and the interactions among them constitute the community of AFNs. We argue that to strengthen the community, AFNs operators should inspire key members to form secondary by enhancing their cognitive trust and emotional trust.