Robustness assessment of clinical adaptive proton and photon radiotherapy for oesophageal cancer in the model-based approach

•Our offline adaptive clinical workflow for proton radiotherapy in oesophageal cancer assured adequate target dose coverage.•Target dose coverage was mainly affected by diaphragm displacements in VMAT, and target displacements in IMPT.•Most clinically relevant replanning was performed in the first treatment week.•The difference of organ-at-risk dose between IMPT and VMAT remained unchanged during treatment, ensuring adequate model-based patient selection.