Cardiac Development in the Presence of Cadmium: An in Vitro Study Using Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Cardiac Organoids.

In conclusion, using a human ESC-derived 2D/3D differentiation model system and cardiac organoids, we demonstrated that low-dose Cd suppressed mesoderm formation through mesoderm gene histone modification, thus inhibiting cardiomyocyte differentiation and cardiac induction. The studies provide valuable insights into cellular events and molecular mechanisms associated with Cd-induced congenital heart disease. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11208.