The Effects of Delay on the HKB Model of Human Motor Coordination

In this paper, we analyze the celebrated Haken--Kelso--Bunz model, describing the dynamics of bimanual coordination, in the presence of delay. We study the linear dynamics, stability, nonlinear behavior, and bifurcations of this model by both theoretical and numerical analysis. We calculate in-phase and antiphase limit cycles as well as quasi-periodic solutions via double Hopf bifurcation analysis and center manifold reduction. Moreover, we uncover further details on the global dynamic behavior by numerical continuation, including the occurrence of limit cycles in phase quadrature and 1-1 locking of quasi-periodic solutions.