Long-Term Survival and Curative-Intent Treatment in Hepatitis B or C Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients Diagnosed during Screening

Simple Summary This study supports the utilization of active and ongoing HCC screening in high-risk populations with chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. Although we describe curative-intent treatments in 70% of those diagnosed with HCC, more than double that of previous studies, the 10-year survival rate is only 4% due to progressive cirrhosis and HCC recurrence. This study highlights the need for the prevention of cirrhosis and subsequent hepatocarcinogenesis. Improvement in neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies for HCC merits further investigation. Future work is also needed to measure HCC risk reduction with new effective hepatitis virus treatments. Background: We initiated a prospective screening trial in patients with hepatitis to diagnose HCC in the early stage and to evaluate the impact on long-term survival. Methods: From 1993-2006, 10,372 patients with chronic hepatitis B (14%), hepatitis C (81%), or both (5%) were enrolled in an HCC screening program. All patients underwent liver biopsy at enrollment. Transabdominal ultrasonography and serum alpha-fetoprotein were evaluated every 6 months. Abnormal screening results led to axial imaging and tumor biopsy. Results: Cirrhosis was confirmed on biopsy in 2074 patients (20%). HCC was diagnosed in 1016 patients (9.8%), all of whom had cirrhosis (49.0% HCC incidence in patients with cirrhosis). HCC was diagnosed at the initial screening in 165 patients (16.2%) and on follow-up in 851 patients (83.8%). The HCC diagnosis median time during follow-up screening was 6 years (range 4-10). Curative-intent treatment (resection, ablation, or transplant) was performed in 713 patients (70.2%). Overall survival at 5 and 10 years in those 713 patients was 30% and 4%, respectively, compared to no 5-year survivors in the 303 patients with advanced-stage disease (p < 0.001). Cause of death at 5 years in the 713 patients treated with curative intent was HCC in 371 patients (52%), progressive cirrhosis in 116 patients (16%), and other causes in 14 patients (2%). At 10 years, 456 patients (64%) had died from HCC, 171 (24%) from progressive cirrhosis, and 57 (8%) from other causes. Conclusions: Our screening program diagnosed early-stage HCC, permitting curative-intent treatment in 70%, but the 10-year survival rate is 4% due to HCC recurrence and progressive cirrhosis.