Friedel–Crafts Acylation of Aminocarboxylic Acids in Strong Brønsted Acid Promoted by Lewis Base P₄O₁₀

The amino group in aminocarboxylic acids is sufficiently basic to be protonated in strong acids, and consequently, ionization of the carboxylic acid to an acylium ion is blocked due to charge-charge repulsion. Thus, acylation of aromatic compounds is significantly retarded in Friedel-Craft type reactions. We found that Friedel-Crafts acylation with aminocarboxylic acids can proceed smoothly even in a strong Bronsted acid (triflic acid, TfOH) if the Lewis base P4O10 is added. Here we describe the Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions of anthranilic acid and alpha- to delta-aminocarboxylic acids with benzene derivatives in the presence of P4O10. Non-amino-containing carboxylic acids as well as N-containing heteroaromatic carboxylic acids are available, and alpha-amino acids can be directly utilized without any protective group. Most substrates afford acylation products in high yields, although some epimerization/racemization may occur. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that P4O10 neutralizes the protonated amine, converting the N-H covalent bond to a N-hydrogen bond and allowing the carboxylic acid OH functionality to serve as a good leaving group.