Spatial-temporal changes in ecosystem services and social-ecological drivers in a typical coastal tourism city: A case study of Sanya, China

Tourism is an important economic and social activity with distinct characteristics of human-land interaction, which creates increasingly pronounced ecological and environmental challenges. The changes in four ecosystem services, including water yield (WY), carbon storage (CS), soil retention (SR) and habitat quality (HQ) in the coastal and noncoastal zones of Sanya were analysed, and the influencing factors were discussed. We found that from 2000 to 2018, the built-up land area of the coastal zone of Sanya quadrupled; CS, SR and HQ of the coastal zone were lower than those of the non-coastal zone with a clear downwards trend; and WY was higher than that of the noncoastal zone, indicating that the development of coastal tourism in Sanya damaged the surrounding ecological environment. The decline in ecosystem services in Sanya from 2010 to 2018 was smaller than that from 2000 to 2010, indicating that Sanya's ecological and environmental protection measures have been effective in recent years. The ecosystem services of Sanya were mainly affected by the natural environment, such as precipitation(P), and fractional vegetation coverage (FVC), but the impact of tourism factors, such as total tourism attraction (TA) and accommodation capacity (AC) also gradually became significant. Based on these findings, we propose to adhere to the sustainable development of coastal ecotourism, implement dynamic planning and dynamic monitoring, and strengthen the protection of coastal and its buffer zone. This study is of great significance to the scientific decision-making and comprehensive regulation of tourism-oriented cities and towns to improve ecosystem services.