Apparent biogeographical trends in Alexandrium blooms for northern Europe: identifying links to climate change and effective adaptive actions

•Alexandrium is one of the major harmful algal bloom (HAB) genera.•Consequences of Alexandrium blooms in the context of climate change are explored.•Various climate change indicators are specified.•Climate change driven variations for Alexandrium are projected in climate models.•Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Alexandrium blooms are evaluated.