Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A induces apoptosis in Galleria mellonella hemocytes

The cellular immune response of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A was investigated for the first time. The insects were challenged with a sublethal dose of exoA, and then hemocyte parameters were assessed. The analysis showed a statistically significant decrease in the total hemocyte count (THC), which was associated with significant decreases in the number of granulocytes and plasmatocytes. In turn, no statistically significant changes were observed in the number of spherulocytes and oenocytoides. Fluorescent staining indicated that cells collected from the exoA-challenged larvae exhibited features charac-teristic for apoptotic and autophagic cell death, e.g. cytoplasm vacuolization and chromatin condensation. The flow cytometry analysis revealed a significant increase in the number of phosphatidylserine-and active caspase 3-positive hemocytes challenged with exoA, which proved apoptosis induction. Our results will help in under-standing the role of exotoxin A during P. aeruginosa infections not only in insects but also in mammals, including humans.