Fabrication of platinum nanodendrites-modified ITO electrode for electrochemical detection of Pb (II)

In this work, platinum nanodendrites (PtNDs)-modified indium–tin–oxide (ITO) electrode (PtNDs/ITO) is developed for Pb(II) ions detection. PtNDs are produced by chemical reduction and drop-cast on the ITO electrode. The effect of varying PtNDs concentration (30, 50, 80,120, and 160 mg/L) to modify ITO electrodes is studied to optimize the electrochemical surface area for Pb(II) ions detection. A thin layer of Nafion is coated on top of the PtNDs/ITO-modified electrode to prevent PtNDs from leaching and enhance the mechanical robustness of the modified electrode. The properties of the as-synthesized PtNDs are characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Nafion/PtNDs/ITO-modified electrodes are subjected to morphological study using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), surface analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical analyses using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The Nafion/PtNDs/ITO-modified electrode with optimum PtNDs concentration (120 mg/L) shows excellent electrochemical performance in detecting Pb(II) ions with a linear range of 10–100 ppb, limit of detection of 9.82 ppb, and sensitivity of 67.285 µAppb −1 cm −2 . The Nafion/PtNDs/ITO-modified electrode has high specificity toward Pb(II) ions and has good reproducibility and repeatability with a relative standard deviation of 0.79% and 3.88%, respectively.