Sex, defense, and risk assessment: Who could ask for anything more?

Over the 30 years since IBNS was founded, a central theme of "Translation" has emerged. This reflects increasing realization that mental disorders such as anxiety and depression are extremely widespread, expensive and painful to societies and individuals across the world. The Blanchard lab has been particularly involved in attempts to understand the evolutionary and functional mechanisms underlying defensive behaviors as a focal component of these disorders. This involved analysis of the relationships between threatening situations/stimuli, and the be-haviors (flight, freezing, fight, and risk assessment) that respond to them, for rodents; and also attempts to link these relationships to human responsivity to similar threatening events: Linkages that are complicated by factors such as domestication and sex. In particular it is important to describe and characterize the organization of defensive patterns in people as well as nonhuman animals, and to understand how these patterns can become nonfunctional and pathological.