Assessment of aflatoxin M1 exposure and associated determinants in children from Lahore, Pakistan
Food additives & contaminants. Part A, Chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment(2023)
摘要
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic and immunomodulatory mycotoxins, and exposure may lead to deleterious effects on human health. This study aimed to detect aflatoxin M-1 (AFM(1)) as biomarker of exposure and determine associated risk factors in children attending a specialized-childcare hospital in Lahore. Urine samples collected from 238 children (1-11 years) during winter (January-mid-March 2020) and hot-humid summer (August-September 2020) were tested for AFM(1) presence using ELISA. Data on potential risk factors were also collected. Of 238 samples, 156 (65.5%) were positive for urinary AFM(1). Season was significantly associated (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.49-4.79; p = 0.001) with AFM(1) positivity; prevalence was higher in hot-humid months (74.6%) than winter (57.3%). The place of living was also significantly associated (OR = 2.21; 95% CI = 1.25-3.97; p = 0.007), and urinary AFM(1) positivity was higher in urban children (71.1%) compared to rural (58.3%). Median value for creatinine-adjusted AFM(1) was 1.9 ng/mg creatinine (Q1-Q3 = 0.82-6.0 ng/mg creatinine), while non-creatinine-adjusted AFM(1) was 0.57 ng/mL (Q1-Q3 = 0.23-1.4 ng/mL). Significantly higher urinary AFM(1) levels were detected in children; age <= 2 years (p = 0.037), who consumed more milk (p = 0.048), and who presented to the nutrition clinic (p = 0.003). These findings highlight the need for an effective control program to reduce the AFM(1) burden in children.
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关键词
Aflatoxin,urinary AFM(1),Pakistan,risk factors,children,ELISA
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