Strategies to construct efficient singlet oxygen-generating photosensitizers

Singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) generation is an essential function of photosensitizer (PS) as applied to photody-namic therapy (PDT) of cancer. As illustrated in the Jablonski diagram, the generation of O-1(2) is directly related to the process of intersystem crossing (ISC), in which a high ISC efficiency typically correlates with a high quantum yield (QY) of O-1(2). In recent years, multiple strategies have been adopted to improve ISC efficiency, including tuning chemical structures and reducing aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ), thus increase the O-1(2) QY of PS. Here, we systematically summarize and compare the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies through analysis of some representative examples. In addition, we also discuss the challenges and obstacles encountered in the development of PS with high O-1(2) generation efficiency and propose directions for future clinical applications of PDT. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.