Fusobacterium nucleatum induces proliferation and migration in pancreatic cancer cells through host autocrine and paracrine signaling

The tumor microbiome is increasingly implicated in cancer progression and resistance to chemotherapy. In pan-creatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), high intratumoral loads of Fusobacterium nucleatum correlate with shorter survival in patients. Here, we investigated the potential mechanisms underlying this association. We found that F. nucleatum infection induced both normal pancreatic epithelial cells and PDAC cells to secrete in-creased amounts of the cytokines GM-CSF, CXCL1, IL-8, and MIP-3 alpha. These cytokines increased proliferation, migration, and invasive cell motility in both infected and noninfected PDAC cells but not in noncancerous pan-creatic epithelial cells, suggesting autocrine and paracrine signaling to PDAC cells. This phenomenon occurred in response to Fusobacterium infection regardless of the strain and in the absence of immune and other stromal cells. Blocking GM-CSF signaling markedly limited proliferative gains after infection. Thus, F. nucleatum infection in the pancreas elicits cytokine secretion from both normal and cancerous cells that promotes phenotypes in PDAC cells associated with tumor progression. The findings support the importance of exploring host-microbe interactions in pancreatic cancer to guide future therapeutic interventions.