Oxygen Supplementation and Hyperoxia in Critically Ill Cardiac Patients: From Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice

Oxygen supplementation has been a mainstay in the management of patients with acute cardiac disease. Although hypoxia is known to be detrimental, the adverse effects of artificially high oxygen levels (hyperoxia) have only recently been recognized. Hyperoxia may induce harmful hemodynamic effects, including peripheral and coronary vasoconstriction, and direct cellular toxicity through the production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, emerging evidence has shown that hyperoxia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Thus, it is essential for the cardiac intensive care unit clinician to understand the available evidence and titrate oxygen therapies to specific goals. This review summarizes the pathophysiology of oxygen within the cardiovascular system and the association between supplemental oxygen and hyperoxia in patients with common cardiac intensive care unit diagnoses, including acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, shock, cardiac arrest, pulmonary hypertension, and respiratory failure. Finally, we highlight lessons learned from available trials, gaps in knowledge, and future directions.