Kefir peptides ameliorate osteoporosis in AKR1A1 knockout mice with vitamin C deficiency by promoting osteoblastogenesis and inhibiting osteoclastogenesis

The AKR1A1 protein is a member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily that catalyzes the transformation of D-glucuronate to L-gulonate in the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C, Vit C). We previously demonstrated that AKR1A1 knockout mice (AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP) with Vit C deficiency exhibited aberrant bone formation and oste-oporosis. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the osteoprotective effects of kefir peptides (KPs) in AKR1A1eGFP/ eGFP mice and uncover the underlying mechanism of KPs in the modulation of bone remodeling. Six male CD-1 mice and 24 male AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice were used in this study, in which the AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). KPs treatment for 12 weeks exerted several effects in AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice including the reduction of serum proinflammatory cytokines (IL-18, IL-6, TNF-alpha), bone resorption markers (CTX-1, RANKL), and the increase of serum bone formation markers (P1NP, OPG, OC). mu-CT analysis indicated that KPs prevented the bone loss in the femurs of AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice by significantly increasing the trabecular parameters of bone mineral density, bone volume and bone number. Nanoindentation analysis demonstrated that KPs enhanced the elasticity and hardness of femoral cortical bones in AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice. KPs promoted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs)-derived osteoblast differentiation and mineralization by upregu-lating positive regulators of osteoblastogenesis (Runx2, 8-catenin, BMP-2, NFATc1). Conversely, KPs inhibited bone marrow macrophages (BMMs)-derived osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption, which was demon-strated by the facts that KPs suppressed RANKL-induced p38, NF-Kappa B, Akt, PLC gamma 2 and CREB-1 phosphorylation, decreased the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 and c-Fos. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of KPs in the prevention of osteoporosis in AKR1A1eGFP/eGFP mice and also unveil the dual effects of KPs in osteogenic promotion and osteoclastic inhibition. This study supports the use of KPs as nutritional supplements for the prevention of osteoporosis.