Residual pattern, dietary risk assessment and livestock dietary burden of five fungicides on wheat in twelve different regions of China

Due to the wide consumption and great economic value of wheat, it is necessary to study the dietary risk of pesticide residues in wheat ensuring food safety. Most of the current studies focused on the general risks of pesticide residues in wheat grains, lacking risk comparisons across gender, age and region, and failing to consider the risks associated with straw as feed. Five fungicides (pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, flutriafol, azoxystrobin and cyproconazole) were applied to explore their residual pattern and health risks in 12 wheat producing regions. The results showed that none of the fungicides posed an unacceptable acute risk to humans, however, pyr-aclostrobin, tebuconazole and flutriafol showed potential long-term health risks to consumers. The chronic risk of children exposed to five fungicides is the highest. The dietary risk assessment varied widely among regions, with higher exposure risk in the north, especially in Hebei province. All fungicides did not exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in animal foods, except that the highest residue of cyproconazole in milk exceeded the MRL by CAC, which may need more specific feeding experiments for verification.