Recent advances in electrochemical sensors based on palladium nanoparticles

Due to their quantum size effects, high biocompatibility, large surface-to-volume ratio, overall structural robustness, and noble metal properties, palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) exhibit high catalytic activities and strong chemical resistance. Therefore, they are widely used in electrochemical sensor development. Although they have an excellent performance in glucose and reducing gas detection, they are associated with low sensitivity and weak selectivity in practical applications for detecting different substances. We analyzed and summarized recent research progress in Pd NPs-based electrochemical sensors in terms of sensor construction methods, selection of sensitive elements, and modification of Pd NPs to improve their sensitivity, selectivity, and durability. Moreover, we elucidated future research directions.