The archaeogenomic validation of Saint Ladislaus’ relic provides insights into the Árpád dynasty’s genealogy

The house of árpád ruled Hungary for more than four centuries,establishing dynastical relationships with numerous European noble-and ruling houses,and giving many Catholic saints and blesseds to the Catholic Church.They were one of the significant dynasties of Medieval Europe(Kristó and Makk,1996).The knight-king Saint Ladi-slaus I(c.1040-1095,reign:1077-1095)is one of the most outstanding kings of this dynasty.In addition to the hand relic(the Holy Right)of King Saint Stephanus I(c.975-1038,reign:1000/1001-1038),the skull relic in the Saint Ladislaus'Herma(Fig.1A-1C)preserved in the Cathedral of Gy?r,is one of the most important relics for Hungarians(Klaniczai,2000).By consolidating state power and strengthening Christianity,King Saint Ladislaus completed the work begun by Saint Stephanus I.His charismatic per-sonality,strategic leadership and military talents resulted in the cessation of internal power struggles and foreign military threats(Engel,2001;Kristóf et al.,2017).He was seen as the embodiment of the knight-king ideal to be emulated all over Europe(Pow,2018).