Design and performance predictions of plus energy neighbourhoods – Case studies of demonstration projects in four different European climates

•Performance predictions result in a positive energy balance for the demonstration projects in four different climates.•Scenarios for climate change, user behaviour, and energy flexibility test the robustness of the designs for the demonstration projects.•There is a significant potential for increased utilization of on-site generated renewable energy by adjusting the heating schedules and including electric vehicle charging.•Climate change and user behaviour can increase the risk of overheating.•Designs may not achieve a positive energy balance in case of ‘high consumption’ user behaviour scenarios.