Cement encapsulation processes to mitigate the risks posed by different types of antimony-bearing mine waste

In this study cement encapsulation processes of different types of mine waste generated from the exploitation of Sb ore deposits were evaluated as a way to manage them and avoid further environmental pollution and the negative impact on surrounding ecosystems. For this purpose, Sb-bearing mine waste rocks, mine tailings, and smelting waste were subjected to cementation processes using Portland cement/calcium hydroxide as binder and different binder:mine waste ratios (10:90–80:20 wt%). The encapsulated materials were characterized for their mechanical behavior (compressive strength test), leaching properties (batch shaking and tank leaching tests), and mineralogical and chemical composition by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe analysis. A binder:mine waste ratio of 40:60 wt% was found appropriate to decrease the leachable Sb concentrations at levels below the limit for acceptance at non-hazardous waste landfills. Diffusion was the main mechanism controlling Sb leaching. The obtained effective diffusion coefficients and developed compressive strengths indicate that the encapsulated materials were suitable for disposal. Therefore, according to their leaching and strength characteristics, the encapsulated mine wastes derived using the indicated conditions could be deposited at landfills for non-hazardous waste, thus minimizing the environmental hazards caused by their accumulation in the mine surrounding areas. Additionally, according to the Dutch legislation on the use of waste materials in the built sector, some formulations of encapsulated mine tailings already met the Sb leaching requirement for open (un-insulated) construction applications. Therefore, Sb-bearing mine wastes, especially mine tailings, also present a great potential to be recycled as substitutes for natural aggregates in concrete in construction applications. Antimony was mostly preserved in the original Sb-bearing phases [Fe and Sb (oxyhydr)oxides and tripuhyite] after the encapsulation processes. Of compounds resulting from the hydration of Portland cement, C-(A)-S-H phases predominated, having an important role in attenuating the Sb release from the different types of mine waste; average Sb2O5 contents of 0.12–0.31 wt% were found in C-(A)-S-H phases.