Complex pattern formations induced by the presence of cross-diffusion in a generalized predator-prey model incorporating the Holling type functional response and generalization of habitat complexity effect

The interaction between predator and their prey is one of the most complex processes in ecosystems due to its structure and nature. Many extrinsic and intrinsic factors can affect the population dynamics. In this manuscript, we have focused our study on the process of Turing-pattern formation in a generalized predator-prey system with cross-diffusion and habitat complexity effects. By applying the linear stability theory, sufficient conditions for the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and Turing-driven instability are successfully established. Moreover, the amplitude equations are derived near the critical value of Turing instability according to the standard multiple-scale analysis. From the mathematical view, our investigation reveals that the whole patterns generated by the system are governed by two control parameters, which are the cross-diffusion parameter 821 and the predator mortality rate m. Complex but interesting dynamical pattern formations are specified theoretically and numerically such as spot pattern, stripe pattern, and spot-strip pattern in terms of varying the two control parameters. To support the theoretical results, a series of numerical tests are carried out, especially, to illustrate the diverse patterns near the codimension- Turing-Hopf bifurcation point (8T21, mH(0)) and the significant impact of 821 and m on the distribution of the two species. (c) 2022 International Association for Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (IMACS). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.