Interpretation of abnormally negative carbon isotope excursions in Eifelian–Givetian (Middle Devonian) sediments of South China and implications for paleo-environmental variation

Many negative carbon isotope excursions (NCIEs) have been employed to interpret global biogeochemical events in Earth history, but they are also influenced by local depositional settings and diagenetic alteration, thus making it difficult to link them to global events. Like the NCIEs in Middle Devonian sediments of North America, similar NCIEs were also observed in the age-equivalent sediments of South China, and therefore it is necessary to further address the logical significance of these intercontinentally comparable NCIEs. Here, we present major and trace elements as well as δ15N, δ13Ccarb, and δ13Corg records across the Middle Devonian Eifelian–Givetian transition in the intra-platform basin of South China. The changes in stable isotopes (δ13Ccarb, δ13Corg, δ18Ocarb, and δ15N) and their relationships may jointly indicate limited influence of diagenetic processes. Our abnormally negative δ13Ccarb values (−7 to −5‰), even lighter than the mantle input end-member value (∼ −5‰), cannot be easily explained by dramatic changes in the δ13C values of global dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) reservoir. In a restricted platform basin, enhanced nutrient input may stimulate high paleo-productivity, resulting in the depletion of DIC concentrations in surface waters. CO2 is then replenished via invasion from the atmosphere, and intense evaporative conditions may promote the large isotopic fractionation of CO2 invasion owing to hydration reactions of aqueous CO2. Our NCIEs are most likely related to the local 13C-depleted values of platform DIC owing to CO2 invasion associated with large isotopic fractionation due to enhanced evaporation and primary productivity. The “productivity-anoxia feedback” mechanism can explain the coupled changes in our terrestrial clastics input, productivity, and redox proxies. By combining redox proxies and C and N isotopic records, we further propose a model for local carbon and nitrogen cycling in a restricted and evaporative intra-platform basin. Our study highlights local depositional controls on NCIEs, and these local factors should be considered before NCIEs are applied to understand the global carbon cycle perturbations during the Middle Devonian.