Are epicuticular waxes a surface defense comparable to trichomes? A test using two Solanum species and a specialist herbivore

Although plants possess a suite of structural defenses, most studies have focused on trichomes. Trichomes can have both pre- and post-ingestive effects and have been consistently found to reduce herbivory. Along with trichomes, a few studies have focused on epicuticular waxes as an important defense; however, manipulated comparisons examining herbivore growth and development are limited. In this study, using two Solanum species (Solanum glaucescens Zuccarini and Solanum macrocarpon Linnaeus) that vary in both defenses, we tested the hypothesis that variation in defenses will affect herbivore feeding, primarily by restricting feeding commencement. We used electron microscopy together with a series of plant- and diet-based manipulative experiments, using tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta Linnaeus; Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) as the herbivore. We found that Solanum glaucescens leaves had significantly fewer trichomes and significantly higher wax content when compared to Solanum macrocarpon. We also found that Solanum glaucescens waxes acted as a strong physical barrier resulting in lower mass gain and higher mortality of caterpillars compared to Solanum macrocarpon. Artificial diet manipulation experiments also suggested the possible toxicity of waxes. Collectively, we show that epicuticular waxes can play a significant role as a strong surface barrier and should be examined further.