Complications of blood transfusions

Transfusion in any setting is associated with risk and has the potential to cause major morbidity and even mortality. Surgical patients may have a higher risk of transfusion-associated complications because of the increased likelihood of patients requiring unplanned components in an emergency setting. Risk factors for transfusion may include acute surgical bleeding or longstanding anaemia in elective patients who have pre-existing morbidity. This article outlines potential complications which can be broadly divided into immediate or delayed. Through awareness of transfusion-associated complications there can be prompt recognition and appropriate management. Where possible, prevention of complications is key to improve outcomes in surgical patients who require blood products.