Compact design of first‐order microwave integrator for Ku band applications

This article demonstrates the design and implementation of a stable wideband first-order microwave integrator. The proposed design is attained by the cascading of eight equal-length serial transmission lines. The meta-heuristic optimization algorithms namely real-coded genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and sine-cosine algorithm are applied to attain the characteristic impedance of serial lines. Further, the proposed integrator, fabricated on RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with permittivity (epsilon r ${\epsilon }_{r}$) = 2.2 and height ( t ) $(t)$ = 0.762 mm. The results are measured using a vector network analyzer, show its conformity with the simulated and ideal result within the frequency range of 4-18 GHz in MATLAB environment, and confirm its eligibility for Ku-band application, which is compact in size.