Effect of Parasitic Element on Multiband CPW-fed NB-IoT Antenna Development for Low-Power Wide-Area Network

The aim of this research is to develop a multiband IoT-based antenna with a very narrow bandwidth of 109.2 MHz, 178.16 MHz, 333.33 MHz, 91.954 MHz, and 135.01 MHz which are highly compatible with NB-IoT applications. For this purpose, the impacts of parasitic elements during the design process are demonstrated. Moreover, suitable gain and return loss are optimized due to the following CPW-fed compact antenna systems at usable frequencies of 1592 - 1701 MHz, 2264 - 2442 MHz, 3678.2 - 4011.5 MHz, 4229.9 - 4321.8 MHz, and 6462.6 - 6597.7 MHz. The highest gain of 7.34 dBi is observed at an operating frequency of 3.86 GHz where the antenna is modeled using the Rogers R03003 substrate with a dielectric constant of 3 and a tangent loss of 0.0013 which is compatible with a low-cost easy fabrication solution for the antenna. The finite element method is utilized to simulate the $34\ \text{mm} \times 28\ \text{mm}$ antenna structure which is suitable for low-bandwidth, battery-powered devices along with low bit rates over long distances.