Damage, Adaptations, and Strategies of Tree Species in Technogenesis Conditions: Structural and Functional Levels of Realization of Adaptive Potential

This review focuses on the systematization of works in the field of adaptive reactions of woody plants to technogenesis at the main hierarchical structural and functional levels of living organization, and in the field of adaptive strategies. The influence of various types of industrial pollution on micromorphology, micromorphology, the physiological reactions of needles and leaves, radial increment of the trunk, root systems, and the vital state of forest stands, as well as issues of determining adaptive reactions and adaptive strategies of woody species to technogenesis are considered. The relative independence of adaptive reactions within organs is shown, and specific and non-specific reactions are identified. The causes of these polyvariant reactions that underlie adaptive potential, the principles of multiple provision of biologically necessary functions for the preservation of homeostasis, and species tolerance to technogenesis are discussed. The issues of biosystem resistance to technogenesis based on the adaptive reactions taking place at all levels of living matter organization (from cytogenetic to ecosystem) are considered. Industrial pollution, as a new historical factor for plants, has necessitated the development discussion of the adaptive strategies of species to technogenesis, based on adaptive potential, variability, sustainability and environmental plasticity of species.