Organic matter diagenesis and precipitation of Mg-rich carbonate and dolomite in modern hypersaline lagoons linked to climate changes

Lipid-biomarkers have been used to reconstruct environmental changes in lacustrine systems on a range of time scales. Lake sediments are excellent archives to apply these tools due to their rapid and amplified response to environmental pressures. For the past thirty years, the hypersaline lagoons of the Rio de Janeiro coastal plain have been studied as natural laboratories for the observation of the biogeochemical processes involved in modern dolomite precipitation. Here, we apply a multiproxy approach to characterize two depositional stages during the Holocene that may have triggered primary dolomite formation in these lagoonal environments. A first stage, with two sub-stages (1A − 6.1 to 4.2 kyr. BP; 1B − 4.2 to ∼3.6 kyr. BP) was deposited during the sea-level rise, with sediments containing an abundance of long-chain n-alkanes with 2H-depleted (δ2Hn-alk) signatures indicating riverine inputs of terrestrial organic carbon during prevailing wet conditions. A second stage (<∼3.6 kyr. BP), comprising lacustrine facies, was characterized by high amounts of authigenic carbonate precipitates (calcite, Mg-calcite, Ca-dolomite, and dolomite). The carbonates are the result of physico-chemical changes in the water after the isolation of the lagoons from both the Atlantic Ocean and the neighboring Lagoa de Araruama due to a fall in sea level and aridification associated with intensification of the coastal upwelling after 2.2 kyr. BP. The n-alkanes deposited during this phase contain variable proportions of long and short-chain homologues indicating a mixed source of organic matter (terrestrial higher plants and microorganisms), as well as changes in vegetation associated with the driest conditions, inferred from the 2H-enriched n-alkane homologous. These results clearly demonstrate a climatic influence on dolomite formation in coastal hypersaline environments linked to sea-level change and coastal upwelling phenomena. With these observations, we hypothesize that the existence of similar palaeoceanographic and environmental conditions in the geologic past may have triggered the formation of extensive microbial dolomite deposits. This study provides new elements to interpret the formation of massive dolomite deposits in the geological record, for example, along the Late Triassic Tethys margin.