Dietary patterns of Chinese pregnant women in Hong Kong

Background and objectives: Maternal nutrition is important for healthy pregnancy, but it has not been well studied among pregnant women in Hong Kong. This study aims to examine the dietary pattern and nutritional intake of women in early pregnancy, and the associations between dietary patterns, dietary quality, and other health parameters. Methods and study design: This is a prospective cohort study of healthy Chinese pregnant women, recruited at their first antenatal appointment. Dietary intakes were assessed by a locally validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis. Results: Of 160 women recruited, the mean age was 32.7 +/- 3.9 years and body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy was 22.6 +/- 3.8 kg/m(2). The dietary analyses were restricted to 156 women who had completed the FFQ. 99% of women had excessive sodium intake and only 2.6% of women met the recommended fibre intake. Three dietary patterns identified were 'sweet and fast-food pattern', 'prudent pattern' and 'meat pattern', which altogether accounted for 23.5% of the total variation. The 'prudent pattern' was positively associated with dietary quality indices [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score, rho=0.323, p<0.01; Dietary Quality Index-International, rho=0.400, p<0.01; Mediterranean Diet Score, rho=0.243, p=0.02]; and was inversely associated systolic (B=-3.71, 95% CI -7.06, -0.36) and diastolic blood pressure (B=-2.69, 95% CI -5.12, -0.26), suggesting this pattern represented a relatively healthier dietary option. Conclusions: Suboptimal dietary intake is a common issue among pregnant women in Hong Kong. Early dietary assessment and attention are warranted in this population.