Optimal Operation of a Smart Multi-Energy System Considering Demand Response

With the rising uncontrolled growth of energy demand, smart multi-energy systems (MESs) have emerged as a promising energy-efficient concept that provides the opportunity of supplying multiple energy services (electricity, heating, and cooling) to end-users simultaneously. To this end, a smart multi-energy system consisting of renewable energy sources (RESs), combined heat and power units (CHPs), heat pumps (HPs), community energy storage (CES), electric vehicles (EVs) and multi-energy demands are considered in this study, with the objective of maximizing the total system efficiency and minimizing the total operating costs, while meeting the required demands. The optimal operation of the smart MES is also evaluated by considering demand response (DR) based on the time-of-use (TOU) tariff for electricity, and the associated constraints throughout the whole operational horizons with the interconnected relationship between heating, cooling and power are taken into account.