Light-induced algae retinal stress can deform fish spines

Algae are often used as live feed for aquatic animals and widely used in the aquaculture industry. Both algal cultivation and algal blooms can lead to algal cell aggregation. High-biomass algae will lead to the accumulation of toxic and harmful substances if they are present in algal cells, thus adversely affecting the environment or the food chain. Retinoids have been detected in algal cells, and retinoic acids and their derivatives are teratogenic in animals. However, whether retinal (RAL), a metabolite of fl-carotene, is regulated by light and harmful to aquatic organisms has not been thoroughly investigated. This study focused on light-induced RAL accumulation in marine algae and its teratogenic effects in the algae-invertebrate-vertebrate food chain. The concentrations of RAL in two species of marine algae (Thalassiosira pseudonana and Tetraselmis subcordiformis), used as live feed in mariculture, were determined. Based on the differences in the accumulation of RAL in algae under different light environments, we explored retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) as the possible regulatory gene. The teratogenic effects of RAL on embryos and juveniles of marine teleost medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and on food chain transmission characteristics were also explored. Our results suggest that continuous high and blue light exposure induced RDH expression, and further promoted RAL accumulation. This further amplifies the accumulation of RAL in the case of high biomass algal cultivation or algal blooms. High concentrations of RAL have teratogenic effects on vertebrate fish through the food chain due to the tolerance of invertebrates. This article could provide a warning about teratogenic effects on aquatic animals in aquaculture and algal bloom.