Atomic-Scale Rectification and Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectromicroscopy.

The phenomenon of rectification describes the emergence of a DC current from the application of an oscillating voltage. Although the origin of this effect has been associated with the nonlinearity in the current-voltage () relation, a rigorous understanding of the microscopic mechanisms for this phenomenon remains challenging. Here, we show the close connection between rectification and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy and microscopy for single molecules with a scanning tunneling microscope. While both techniques are based on nonlinear features in the () curve, comprehensive line shape analyses reveal notable differences that highlight the two complementary techniques of nonlinear conductivity spectromicroscopy for probing nanoscale systems.