PKC signal amplification suppresses non-small cell lung cancer growth by promoting p21 expression and phosphorylation

Protein kinase C (PKC) activation was previously associated with oncogenic features. However, small molecule inhibitors targeting PKC have so far proved ineffective in a number of clinical trials for cancer treatment. Recent progresses have revealed that most PKC mutations detected in diverse cancers actually lead to loss-of-function, thus suggesting the tumor-suppressive roles of PKC proteins. Unfortunately, the development of chemicals to enhance PKC activity is lagging behind relative to its small molecular inhibitors. Here, we report that a bisin-dolylmaleimide derivative (3,4-bis(1-(prop-2-ynyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-1 H-pyrrole-2,5-dione, BD-15) significantly inhibited cell growth in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mechanistically, BD-15 treatment resulted in markedly enhanced phosphorylation of PKC substrates and led to cell cycle arrest in G2/M. Further, BD-15 treatment upregulated p21 protein levels and enhanced p21 phosphorylation. BD-15 also promoted caspase3 cleavage and triggered cellular apoptosis. In xenograft mouse models, BD-15 exerted anti-tumor effects to sup-press in vivo tumor formation. Collectively, our findings revealed the tumor-suppressive roles of BD-15 through enhancing PKC signaling and thus leading to upregulation of p21 expression and phosphorylation.