Contemporary development in the synthesis and biological applications of pyridine-based heterocyclic motifs

Pyridine, which is made from unrefined coal tar, has various uses in organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, polymers, metal complexes, catalysts, and other fields. Pyridine-containing compounds have been used in medicinal chemistry for antimicrobial, antitubercular, anticancer, antiviral, antimalarial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infection, and anti-infection applications due to their water solubility, stability, basicity, ability to form a hydrogen bond, lower molecular weight, and availability in many natural products such as vitamins, coenzymes, and alkaloids. The pyridine nucleus was found in commercially accessible pharmaceuticals such as isoniazid (used to treat tuberculosis), etoricoxib (used to suppress the impact of COX-2 enzymes), and perampanel (used as an antiepileptic drug-first approved by FDA in 2012). Proton-pump inhibitors using pyridine as the fundamental unit include omeprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and lansoprazole. Tazemetostat (an anticancer agent), rimegepant (a migraine treatment), opicapone (a Parkinson's disease treatment), and selpercatinib (a lung and thyroid cancer treatment) were all approved by the FDA in 2020 contains pyridine unit. In the contemporary era of drug design and research, pyridine, and its derivatives have played an important role in the development of medications for the treatment of a variety of infectious disorders. Several pyridine hybrids are currently undergoing clinical trials, and they may be used as a lead chemical in the future. The synthesis and applications of pyridine are summarized in this chapter. It also discusses the therapeutic value of pyridine hybrids with various pharmacological actions, as well as molecular docking investigation. The medicinal potency has been discussed for organic and bioorganic potent pyridine derivatives like pyridine-pyrazole hybrids, pyridine-pyrazoline hybrids, pyridine-oxazine hybrids, pyridine-oxadiazole hybrids, pyridine-indole hybrids, pyridine-coumarin hybrids, pyridine-imidazole hybrids, pyridine-benzimidazole hybrids, pyridine-thiazolidinone hybrids, pyridine-quinoline hybrids, and pyridine-quinazoline hybrids available in literature since 2015 to current.