Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Fildes Peninsula, Maritime Antarctica: Effects of Human Disturbance

This study provides the first data on the distribution, sources, and transport dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica via summertime analyses of lakes, seawater, snow, and air in 2013. Relatively high PAH levels and similar composition profiles (dominance of two- and three-ring PAHs) in the investigated marine and terrestrial environmental matrices were found, indicating substantial primary emissions of petrogenic PAHs. This result was corroborated by nonequilibrium partitioning of atmospheric PAHs caused by release of anthropically-derived lighter PAHs and air mass movement trajectories mainly originated from the Antarctic marginal seas. Notable geographical disparities of PAH pollution in the various types of samples consistently suggested impacts of station-related activities, rather than long-range atmospheric transport, on PAHs in Fildes Peninsula. The lack for temperature dependence for gas-phase concentrations and various molecular diagnostic ratios of atmospheric PAHs demonstrated that the impact of local anthropogenic inputs on air PAH variability supersedes the re-emission effect. The derived air–water and air–snow exchanges of PAHs in this remote region indicated a disequilibrium state, partially associated with intense local emissions of PAHs. PAH outgassing from, and absorption into, lake and marine waters were both observed, probably due to differences in anthropogenic influences among sites, while the net deposition of gaseous PAHs into snow prevailed. The results of this study shed lights on the major importance of native anthropogenic sources in the footprint and fate of PAHs in the Fildes Peninsula, which merits further monitoring.