Neighbourhood Effect of Weeds on Wheat Root Endospheric Mycobiota

1. Micro-organisms associated with plants provide essential functions to their hosts, and therefore affect ecosystem productivity. Agricultural intensification has modified microbial diversity in the soil reservoir and may affect plant- microbial recruitment. Weeds develop spontaneously in crop fields, and could influence micro-organisms associated with crop plants through a neighbourhood effect. We explore the effect of weed species on crop plant microbiota as potentially auxiliary plants that affect agricultural productivity.2. We combined field and controlled laboratory studies to analyse the neighbourhood effect of weeds on wheat root endospheric mycobiota (i.e. fungi within roots) and growth. First, we analysed the effect of weed species diversity and identity recorded in the neighbourhood of individual wheat plants on soil and wheat root mycobiota in the field. Second, we used a plant-matrix design in laboratory conditions to test the effect of weed identity (nine weed treatments) and their ability to transmit root mycobiota to wheat roots, and the resulting impact on wheat growth.3. In contrast to soil mycobiota, we demonstrated that wheat root endospheric mycobiota was influenced by the diversity and identity of weeds developing in their 1 m2 neighbourhood. Wheat root endospheric microbiota strongly differs in terms of richness and composition depending on the neighbouring weed plant species. Weed species transmitted from 13% to 74% of their root microbiota to wheat roots depending on weed identity in controlled conditions.4. Synthesis. Weed neighbours modified wheat plant performance, possibly as a result of competitive interactions and changes in microbiota. Our findings suggest that crop root mycobiota was variable and was modulated by their weed neighbourhood. Synergistic effects between mycobiota of crops and weeds could therefore contribute to soil biodiversity and sustainable agriculture.